Cartier+-+6C

=__JACQUES CARTIER__ =

=__Introduction__= Jacques Cartier was a French explorer who represented France when he explored. He was born in Saint Malo, France sometime between June 7th and December 23rd 1491. Jacques Cartier was bilingual; he could speak both English and French. He died in Saint Malo, on September 1st, 1561.His career before he was an explorer was seafaring. He was also once a pirate.

**__Purpose__** Jacques Cartier was the leader of his first voyage. He was sent to discover lands rich in gold and other precious things for his first voyage. Jacques Cartier was also the leader of his second voyage. This time, he was sent to look for a north-west route to Asia. (The Northwest Passage). On his third voyage, Jacques Cartier wasn't the leader, but he went as the chief navigator and was second-in command. Cartier's personal ambition for his third voyage was to convert the Aboriginals into Christians, and to create a permanent settlement.

=__Route__= media type="custom" key="3737489"media type="googlemap" key="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=108926448412122230721.000469166a1208dbc51a8&ll=43.197167,-44.648437&spn=44.633655,74.707031&z=3&output=embed" width="425" height="350"

__First Voyage__

Jacques Cartier's first voyage started on April 20 1534 and ended in 1535. He brought two ships with him, and 61 men. His ship was named the Grand Hermine, and the size of his ship was 24.2m long and 7.6m wide. Cartier traveled through the Strait of Belle Isle, to the sea of Asia, and reached Newfoundland on May 10, 1534. Cartier already knew the route to Newfoundland, so it was easier for him. When he was at Newfoundland, he captured two Iroquois men. Those two men were the two sons of the chief.

__Second Voyage__

Jacques Cartier's second voyage was started in 1535 and ended in 1536. He was sent on this voyage to explore the St. Lawrence River. The three ships he brought were named the Petite Hermine, the Emerillon, and the Grand Hermine again. He travelled to Stadacona (Quebec), and then, continued up the St. Lawrence River to Hochelaga (Montreal). In Stadacona, Jacques Cartier built a fort, and spent a long, hard winter there. When it was finally spring, he kidnapped another 10 aboriginal men, including the chief.

__Third Voyage__

Jacques Cartier's third, and last voyage started in 1541, and ended in 1543. Sier de Robervel was in charge of the expedition, and Cartier went as chief navigator, and was second-in-command. Cartier started sailing to the St. Lawrence River. Robervel was supposed to meet Cartier at the St. Lawrence River, but Cartier decided to keep sailing up the St. Lawrence River to Stadacona. They built a fort for shelter in the winter near Cap Rouge, and called it Charlesbourg-Royal. After the winter, Cartier headed for France, even though Robervel didn't know. The diamonds and gold Cartier loaded onto his ship were fake, so they were worthless to the king.
 * First voyage || 1534 - || 1535 ||
 * Second voyage || 1535 - || 1536 ||
 * Third voyage || 1541 - || 1543 ||

=__Hardships and Challenges__= On Jacques Cartier's second voyage, his ships couldn't get past the rapids of the St.Lawrence River, so he had to go around the St. Lawrence River. Cartier and his crew weren't prepared for winter on water, and they often crashed into the ice. When they finally reached Stadacona, they suffered from scurvy, inactivity because of the sub 0 degrees, and poor nutrition.

=__Interesting Facts__= Jacques Cartier's journal is the first written record of the European exploration of CanadaCartier's third route was never recorded, but some people think that it was similar to his second route. The diamonds Cartier loaded onto his ship were really quartz, and the was really iron pyrite (fools gold), was worthless. In 1541 Cartier tried to start a settlement in Quebec, but abandoned it after a cold, hard winter. When Cartier left for France with out Robervel on his third voyage, Robervel built a for near Stadacona, and named it France Roy, but abandoned it in 1543 and returned to France.

=__Historical Contributions__= Jacques Cartier's main historical contribution is that he name Canada after "Kanata". "Kanata" was a small settlement near Quebec, but Cartier decided to name the whole region "Kanata". Another one of Jacques Cartier's main discoveries was of the St. Lawrence River. He also explored parts of Gaspe Pennisula. He made contact with the First Nations, traded with the Micmacs, and met (and also kidnapped) some of the Iroquois. Cartier also ignited interest in the minerals wealth of Canada and helped lay down foundations for the French presence in North America.

__Sources__
Gibbs, Arnold. __Canada Revisited.__ Edmonton: Arnold, 1999 Coulter, Tony. __World explorers.__ New York: Chealsea House Publishers, 1992. Jacques Cartier <[|www.worldbookonline.com]>. Jacques Cariter <[|www.enchantedlearning.com]>.

By: Nicole Lin and Ben Zhu